Revised consensus guidelines for the use of cone-beam computed tomography/ digital volume tomography
Results from a consensus process organized by the Swiss association of dentomaxillofacial radiology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61872/sdj-2024-04-07PMID:
39629524Keywords:
Swiss guidelines, guidelines, CBCT, cone-beam computed tomography, three-dimensional imagingAbstract
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is established in dentistry for about 20 years. Technique evolved and indications clarified since then and since the Swiss consensus guidelines regarding CBCT were published in 2014 and 2015. Therefore, the Swiss association of dentomaxillofacial radiology decided to initiate the process of updating these guidelines by forming a consensus group divided into a core group responsible for the whole process and an approval group responsible for specific clinical matters. The manuscript outlines the revised guidelines in a practical way and is divided along the different specialties and clinical fields of dentistry. In result the guidelines are updated regarding reconstructive dentistry, orthodontics, geriatric dentistry, temporomandibular joint disorders, maxillofacial traumatology, benign and malignant tumors, assessment and detection of dental foci and endodontic infections and apical surgery. Overall, it can be stated that CBCT is utilized more consistently and somewhat broader than ten years ago. Today CBCT is well established and has proven benefits if indicated and analyzed precisely. Therefore, it might very well become more and more standard in dental radiology.
References
1. Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Martini PT, Andreis IA. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the cone-beam technique: preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 1998;8(9):1558-64.
2. Eyrich G, Seifert B, Matthews F, et al. 3-Dimensional imaging for lower third molars: is there an implication for surgical removal? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(7):1867-72.
3. Lubbers HT, Matthews F, Damerau G, et al. Anatomy of impacted lower third molars evaluated by computerized tomography: is there an indication for 3-dimensional imaging? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111(5):547-50.
4. Lübbers H-T, Kruse A, Obwegeser J, Grätz K, Eyrich G. Oblique High Resolution Tomography: The Ideal Plane for Visualization of the Gonial Section of the Mandibular Canal and its Related Structures? Journal of Healthcare Engineering. 2012;3(1):87-104.
5. Lubbers HT, Matthews F, Damerau G, et al. No plane is the best one-the volume is! Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. 2012;113(3):421.
6. Bornstein MM, Horner K, Jacobs R. Use of cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: current concepts, indications and limitations for clinical practice and research. Periodontol 2000. 2017;73(1):51-72.
7. Bornstein MM, Scarfe WC, Vaughn VM, Jacobs R. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014;29 Suppl:55-77.
8. Harris D, Horner K, Grondahl K, et al. E.A.O. guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(11):1243-53.
9. Jacobs R, Salmon B, Codari M, Hassan B, Bornstein MM. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: recommendations for clinical use. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):88.
10. Dula K, Benic GI, Bornstein M, et al. SADMFR Guidelines for the Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/Digital Volume Tomography. Swiss dental journal. 2015;125(9):945-53.
11. Dula K, Bornstein MM, Buser D, et al. SADMFR guidelines for the use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/ Digital Volume Tomography. Swiss dental journal. 2014;124(11):1169-83.
12. Scarfe WC, Farman AG. What is cone-beam CT and how does it work? Dent Clin North Am. 2008;52(4):707-30, v.
13. Dagassan- Berndt D. Grundlagen zur Anwendung der Digitalen Volumentomographie. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
14. Pauwels R, Araki K, Siewerdsen JH, Thongvigitmanee SS. Technical aspects of dental CBCT: state of the art. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2015;44(1):20140224.
15. Lennon S, Patel S, Foschi F, Wilson R, Davies J, Mannocci F. Diagnostic accuracy of limited-volume cone-beam computed tomography in the detection of periapical bone loss: 360 degrees scans versus 180 degrees scans. Int Endod J. 2011;44(12):1118-27.
16. Costa EDD, Queiroz PM, Santaella GM, Capelozza ALA, Ambrosano GMB, Freitas DQ. Influence of scan mode (partial/full rotations) and FOV size in the formation of artefacts in cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;48(4):20180340.
17. Dula K, Jacobs R, Pauwels R, Salmon B, Costa Oenning AC. Indikationsstellung zur Digitalen Volumentomographie. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
18. European Commission: Directorate-General for Energy. Cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology: evidence-based guidelines. Publications Office; 2012.
19. Pauwels R, Faruangsaeng T, Charoenkarn T, Ngonphloy N, Panmekiate S. Effect of exposure parameters and voxel size on bone structure analysis in CBCT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2015;44(8):20150078.
20. Hung K, Hui L, Yeung AWK, Scarfe WC, Bornstein MM. Image retake rates of cone beam computed tomography in a dental institution. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(12):4501-10.
21. Spin-Neto R, Wenzel A. Patient movement and motion artefacts in cone beam computed tomography of the dentomaxillofacial region: a systematic literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(4):425-33.
22. Commission E, Energy D-Gf, Transport. European guidelines on radiation protection in dental radiology : the safe use of radiographs in dental practice: Publications Office; 2015.
23. Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D, et al. Artefacts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011;40(5):265-73.
24. Sancho-Puchades M, Hammerle CH, Benic GI. In vitro assessment of artifacts induced by titanium, titanium-zirconium and zirconium dioxide implants in cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26(10):1222-8.
25. Queiroz PM, Santaella GM, Groppo FC, Freitas DQ. Metal artifact production and reduction in CBCT with different numbers of basis images. Imaging Sci Dent. 2018;48(1):41-4.
26. Vasconcelos KF, Codari M, Queiroz PM, et al. The performance of metal artifact reduction algorithms in cone beam computed tomography images considering the effects of materials, metal positions, and fields of view. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;127(1):71-6.
27. Flugge T, Derksen W, Te Poel J, Hassan B, Nelson K, Wismeijer D. Registration of cone beam computed tomography data and intraoral surface scans - A prerequisite for guided implant surgery with CAD/CAM drilling guides. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(9):1113-8.
28. Shujaat S, Bornstein MM, Price JB, Jacobs R. Integration of imaging modalities in digital dental workflows - possibilities, limitations, and potential future developments. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2021;50(7):20210268.
29. Abdelkarim A, Jerrold L. Clinical considerations and potential liability associated with the use of ionizing radiation in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;154(1):15-25.
30. Patcas R. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik in der Kieferorthopädie. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
31. Bookstein FL. Reconsidering "The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics". Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149(6):784-97.
32. Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. Am J Orthod. 1979;75(6):599-617.
33. Ahlqvist J, Eliasson S, Welander U. The effect of projection errors on cephalometric length measurements. Eur J Orthod. 1986;8(3):141-8.
34. Scarfe WC, Azevedo B, Toghyani S, Farman AG. Cone Beam Computed Tomographic imaging in orthodontics. Aust Dent J. 2017;62 Suppl 1:33-50.
35. Signorelli L, Patcas R, Peltomaki T, Schatzle M. Radiation dose of cone-beam computed tomography compared to conventional radiographs in orthodontics. J Orofac Orthop. 2016;77(1):9-15.
36. Theodorakou C, Walker A, Horner K, et al. Estimation of paediatric organ and effective doses from dental cone beam CT using anthropomorphic phantoms. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1010):153-60.
37. Yeh JK, Chen CH. Estimated radiation risk of cancer from dental cone-beam computed tomography imaging in orthodontics patients. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):131.
38. Lee KS, Nam OH, Kim GT, Choi SC, Choi YS, Hwang EH. Radiation dosimetry analyses of radiographic imaging systems used for orthodontic treatment: comparison among child, adolescent, and adult patients. Oral Radiol. 2021;37(2):245-50.
39. De Grauwe A, Ayaz I, Shujaat S, et al. CBCT in orthodontics: a systematic review on justification of CBCT in a paediatric population prior to orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2019;41(4):381-9.
40. Abdelkarim A. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics. Dent J (Basel). 2019;7(3).
41. Samandara A, Papageorgiou SN, Ioannidou-Marathiotou I, Kavvadia-Tsatala S, Papadopoulos MA. Evaluation of orthodontically induced external root resorption following orthodontic treatment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2019;41(1):67-79.
42. Eslami E, Barkhordar H, Abramovitch K, Kim J, Masoud MI. Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional radiography in visualization of maxillary impacted-canine localization: A systematic review of comparative studies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151(2):248-58.
43. Li Y, Deng S, Mei L, et al. Accuracy of alveolar bone height and thickness measurements in cone beam computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;128(6):667-79.
44. Tilen R, Patcas R, Bornstein MM, Ludwig B, Schatzle M. The nasopalatine canal, a limiting factor for temporary anchorage devices: a cone beam computed tomography data study. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(6):646-53.
45. Camps-Pereperez I, Guijarro-Martinez R, Peiro-Guijarro MA, Hernandez-Alfaro F. The value of cone beam computed tomography imaging in surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(7):827-38.
46. Yousefi F, Rafiei E, Mahdian M, Mollabashi V, Saboonchi SS, Hosseini SM. Comparison Efficiency of Posteroanterior Cephalometry and Cone-beam Computed Tomography in Detecting Craniofacial Asymmetry: A Systematic Review. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019;10(2):358-71.
47. Sawchuk D, Currie K, Vich ML, Palomo JM, Flores-Mir C. Diagnostic methods for assessing maxillary skeletal and dental transverse deficiencies: A systematic review. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46(5):331-42.
48. Stasiak M, Wojtaszek-Slominska A, Racka-Pilszak B. Current methods for secondary alveolar bone grafting assessment in cleft lip and palate patients - A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019;47(4):578-85.
49. Zimmerman JN, Lee J, Pliska BT. Reliability of upper pharyngeal airway assessment using dental CBCT: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(5):489-96.
50. van Vlijmen OJ, Kuijpers MA, Berge SJ, et al. Evidence supporting the use of cone-beam computed tomography in orthodontics. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(3):241-52.
51. Savoldi F, Dagassan-Berndt D, Patcas R, et al. The use of CBCT in orthodontics with special focus on upper airway analysis in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2024;53(3):178-88.
52. Radic J, Patcas R, Stadlinger B, Wiedemeier D, Rucker M, Giacomelli-Hiestand B. Do we need CBCTs for sufficient diagnostics?-dentist-related factors. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4(1):37.
53. Karlo CA, Patcas R, Kau T, et al. MRI of the temporo-mandibular joint: which sequence is best suited to assess the cortical bone of the mandibular condyle? A cadaveric study using micro-CT as the standard of reference. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(7):1579-85.
54. Markic G, Muller L, Patcas R, et al. Assessing the length of the mandibular ramus and the condylar process: a comparison of OPG, CBCT, CT, MRI, and lateral cephalometric measurements. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(1):13-21.
55. Bernini JM, Kellenberger CJ, Eichenberger M, Eliades T, Papageorgiou SN, Patcas R. Quantitative analysis of facial asymmetry based on three-dimensional photography: a valuable indicator for asymmetrical temporomandibular joint affection in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients? Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2020;18(1):10.
56. Oenning AC, Pauwels R, Stratis A, et al. Halve the dose while maintaining image quality in paediatric Cone Beam CT. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5521.
57. Ettinger RL, Beck JD. Geriatric dentistry: is there such a discipline? Aust Dent J. 1984;29(6):355-61.
58. Ettinger RL, Beck JD. Geriatric dental curriculum and the needs of the elderly. Spec Care Dentist. 1984;4(5):207-13.
59. Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ. 2013;346:f2360.
60. Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990. Radiat Res. 1996;146(1):1-27.
61. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380(9840):499-505.
62. Marine PM, Stabin MG, Fernald MJ, Brill AB. Changes in radiation dose with variations in human anatomy: larger and smaller normal-stature adults. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(5):806-11.
63. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Cancer risks from CT scans: now we have data, what next? Radiology. 2012;265(2):330-1.
64. De Felice F, Di Carlo G, Saccucci M, Tombolini V, Polimeni A. Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Children: Clinical Effectiveness and Cancer Risk due to Radiation Exposure. Oncology. 2019;96(4):173-8.
65. Brody AS, Frush DP, Huda W, Brent RL, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on R. Radiation risk to children from computed tomography. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):677-82.
66. Pauwels R, Jacobs R, Dula K, Lubbers HT. Strahlenbelastung und Strahlenschutz bei der Digitalen Volumentomographie. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
67. Walter C, Berg BI. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik von Entzündungen der Kieferknochen. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
68. Neuhaus KW, Krastl G, Kuhl S, et al. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik von pathologischen Befunden der Zähne. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
69. Schimmel M, Muller F, Suter V, Buser D. Implants for elderly patients. Periodontol 2000. 2017;73(1):228-40.
70. Sun Y, Luebbers HT, Agbaje JO, et al. Accuracy of Dental Implant Placement Using CBCT-Derived Mucosa-Supported Stereolithographic Template. Clinical implant dentistry and related research. 2015;17(5):862-70.
71. Rostetter C, Sailer I, Fehmer V. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik in der oralen Implantatologie. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
72. Dumbuya A, Gomes AF, Marchini L, Zeng E, Comnick CL, Melo SLS. Bone changes in the temporomandibular joints of older adults: A cone-beam computed tomography study. Spec Care Dentist. 2020;40(1):84-9.
73. Pretzl C, Lubbers HT, Gratz KW, Kruse AL. [Metastases in the temporomandibular joint: a review from 1954 to 2013. Rare causes for temporomandibular disorders]. Swiss dental journal. 2014;124(10):1067-83.
74. Kruse AL, Luebbers HT, Obwegeser JA, Edelmann L, Graetz KW. Temporomandibular disorders associated with metastases to the temporomandibular joint: a review of the literature and 3 additional cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110(2):e21-8.
75. Pretzl C, Lubbers HT, Gratz KW, Kruse AL. [CASE REPORT: TMJ-like symptoms as first sign of a tumorous disease]. Swiss dental journal. 2015;125(10):1107-14.
76. Filo K, Schneider T, Kruse AL, Locher M, Gratz KW, Lubbers HT. Frequency and anatomy of the retromolar canal - implications for the dental practice. Swiss dental journal. 2015;125(3):278-92.
77. Schriber M, Lubbers HT. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik retinierter Zähne. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
78. de Castro JGK, Carvalho BF, de Melo NS, et al. A new cone-beam computed tomography-driven index for osteoporosis prediction. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(9):3193-202.
79. Metzler P, Zemann W, Lübbers H-T, et al. Bone mineral density measurements performed by cone-beam computed tomography in the bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis-affected jaw. Oral Radiology. 2012;28(2):101-8.
80. Rostetter C, Metzler P, Schenkel JS, Seifert B, Luebbers HT. Comparison of in vivo cone-beam and multidetector computed tomographic scans by three-dimensional merging software. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery. 2015;53(10):1021-6.
81. Mawani F, Lam EW, Heo G, McKee I, Raboud DW, Major PW. Condylar shape analysis using panoramic radiography units and conventional tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(3):341-8.
82. Barghan S, Merrill R, Tetradis S. Cone beam computed tomography imaging in the evaluation of the temporomandibular joint. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2010;38(1):33-9.
83. Honey OB, Scarfe WC, Hilgers MJ, et al. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography imaging of the temporomandibular joint: comparisons with panoramic radiology and linear tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(4):429-38.
84. Hilgenberg-Sydney PB, Bonotto DV, Stechman-Neto J, et al. Diagnostic validity of CT to assess degenerative temporomandibular joint disease: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47(5):20170389.
85. Ma RH, Yin S, Li G. The detection accuracy of cone beam CT for osseous defects of the temporomandibular joint: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34714.
86. Alexiou K, Stamatakis H, Tsiklakis K. Evaluation of the severity of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic changes related to age using cone beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38(3):141-7.
87. Alkhader M, Ohbayashi N, Tetsumura A, et al. Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging for detecting osseous abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint and its correlation with cone beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2010;39(5):270-6.
88. Kaeppler G. Applications of cone beam computed tomography in dental and oral medicine. Int J Comput Dent. 2010;13(3):203-19.
89. Hechler BL, Phero JA, Van Mater H, Matthews NS. Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;47(1):83-9.
90. Petersson A. What you can and cannot see in TMJ imaging--an overview related to the RDC/TMD diagnostic system. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(10):771-8.
91. Crow HC, Parks E, Campbell JH, Stucki DS, Daggy J. The utility of panoramic radiography in temporomandibular joint assessment. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34(2):91-5.
92. Schmitter M, Gabbert O, Ohlmann B, et al. Assessment of the reliability and validity of panoramic imaging for assessment of mandibular condyle morphology using both MRI and clinical examination as the gold standard. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(2):220-4.
93. Hara GF, de Souza-Pinto GN, Brasil DM, et al. What is the image appearance of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in MRI, CT, and CBCT of TMJ? A systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(5):2321-33.
94. Larheim TA, Abrahamsson AK, Kristensen M, Arvidsson LZ. Temporomandibular joint diagnostics using CBCT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2015;44(1):20140235.
95. Shintaku WH, Venturin JS, Azevedo B, Noujeim M. Applications of cone-beam computed tomography in fractures of the maxillofacial complex. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25(4):358-66.
96. Brisco J, Fuller K, Lee N, Andrew D. Cone beam computed tomography for imaging orbital trauma--image quality and radiation dose compared with conventional multislice computed tomography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;52(1):76-80.
97. Gellrich NC, Diebler J. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik bei Schädeltraumata. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomographie. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
98. Schoen R, Fakler O, Metzger MC, Weyer N, Schmelzeisen R. Preliminary functional results of endoscope-assisted transoral treatment of displaced bilateral condylar mandible fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(2):111-6.
99. Pohlenz P, Blessmann M, Blake F, Heinrich S, Schmelzle R, Heiland M. Clinical indications and perspectives for intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(3):412-7.
100. Pohlenz P, Blessmann M, Blake F, Gbara A, Schmelzle R, Heiland M. Major mandibular surgical procedures as an indication for intraoperative imaging. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(2):324-9.
101. Zizelmann C, Gellrich NC, Metzger MC, Schoen R, Schmelzeisen R, Schramm A. Computer-assisted reconstruction of orbital floor based on cone beam tomography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45(1):79-80.
102. Drage NA, Sivarajasingam V. The use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of isolated orbital floor fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47(1):65-6.
103. Blumer M, Gander T, Kruse Gujer A, Seifert B, Rucker M, Lubbers HT. Influence of Mirrored Computed Tomograms on Decision-Making for Revising Surgically Treated Orbital Floor Fractures. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2015;73(10):1982 e1-9.
104. Blumer M, Kumalic S, Gander T, et al. Retrospective analysis of 471 surgically treated zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2018;46(2):269-73.
105. Stuehmer C, Essig H, Bormann KH, Majdani O, Gellrich NC, Rucker M. Cone beam CT imaging of airgun injuries to the craniomaxillofacial region. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(10):903-6.
106. Eggers G, Welzel T, Mukhamadiev D, Wortche R, Hassfeld S, Muhling J. X-ray-based volumetric imaging of foreign bodies: a comparison of computed tomography and digital volume tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(9):1880-5.
107. Grobe A, Weber C, Schmelzle R, Heiland M, Klatt J, Pohlenz P. The use of navigation (BrainLAB Vector vision(2)) and intraoperative 3D imaging system (Siemens Arcadis Orbic 3D) in the treatment of gunshot wounds of the maxillofacial region. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;13(3):153-8.
108. Sadiq Z, Bisase B, Coombes DM. Use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of glass injuries to the face. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48(4):308-9.
109. Luebbers HT, Zemann W, Kruse AL, Graetz KW. A simple technique for sterility and patient accessibility during intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery. 2013;51(8):e312-3.
110. Lubbers HT, Matthews F, Kruse AL. [Modern technologies in cranio-maxillofacial surgery]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2014;103(5):257-64.
111. Lubbers HT, Jacobsen C, Matthews F, Gratz KW, Kruse A, Obwegeser JA. Surgical navigation in craniomaxillofacial surgery: expensive toy or useful tool? A classification of different indications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(1):300-8.
112. Lubbers HT, Matthews F, Zemann W, Gratz KW, Obwegeser JA, Bredell M. Registration for computer-navigated surgery in edentulous patients: a problem-based decision concept. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;39(6):453-8.
113. Lubbers HT, Obwegeser JA, Matthews F, Eyrich G, Gratz KW, Kruse A. A simple and flexible concept for computer-navigated surgery of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(3):924-30.
114. Luebbers HT, Messmer P, Obwegeser JA, et al. Comparison of different registration methods for surgical navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008;36(2):109-16.
115. Bettschart C, Kruse A, Matthews F, et al. Point-to-point registration with mandibulo-maxillary splint in open and closed jaw position. Evaluation of registration accuracy for computer-aided surgery of the mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40(7):592-8.
116. Venosta D, Sun Y, Matthews F, et al. Evaluation of two dental registration-splint techniques for surgical navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2014;42(5):448-53.
117. Sun Y, Luebbers HT, Agbaje JO, et al. Validation of anatomical landmarks-based registration for image-guided surgery: an in-vitro study. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2013;41(6):522-6.
118. Sun Y, Luebbers HT, Agbaje JO, et al. Evaluation of 3 different registration techniques in image-guided bimaxillary surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(4):1095-9.
119. Quereshy FA, Savell TA, Palomo JM. Applications of cone beam computed tomography in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(4):791-6.
120. Fernandes R, DiPasquale J. Computer-aided surgery using 3D rendering of maxillofacial pathology and trauma. Int J Med Robot. 2007;3(3):203-6.
121. Alimohammadi R. Imaging of Dentoalveolar and Jaw Trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 2018;56(1):105-24.
122. Meara DJ. Diagnostic Imaging of the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2019;27(2):119-26.
123. Rozema R, Doff MH, van Ooijen PM, et al. Diagnostic reliability of low dose multidetector CT and cone beam CT in maxillofacial trauma-an experimental blinded and randomized study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47(8):20170423.
124. Dreizin D, Nam AJ, Hirsch J, Bernstein MP. New and emerging patient-centered CT imaging and image-guided treatment paradigms for maxillofacial trauma. Emerg Radiol. 2018;25(5):533-45.
125. Burian E, Sollmann N, Ritschl LM, et al. High resolution MRI for quantitative assessment of inferior alveolar nerve impairment in course of mandible fractures: an imaging feasibility study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):11566.
126. MacDonald D. Lesions of the jaws presenting as radiolucencies on cone-beam CT. Clin Radiol. 2016;71(10):972-85.
127. Yeung AWK, Jacobs R, Bornstein MM. Novel low-dose protocols using cone beam computed tomography in dental medicine: a review focusing on indications, limitations, and future possibilities. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(6):2573-81.
128. Vanhoenacker FM, Bosmans F, Vanhoenacker C, Bernaerts A. Imaging of Mixed and Radiopaque Jaw Lesions. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2020;24(5):558-69.
129. Bali A, Vanhoenacker FM, Vanhoenacker C, Bernaerts A. Imaging of Radiolucent Jaw Lesions. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2020;24(5):549-57.
130. Reichart PA, Dula K, Baumhoer D, Gratz K, Lubbers HT. Digitale Volumentomographie zur Diagnostik bei Tumoren. In: Lubbers HT, Dula K, editors. Digitale Volumentomography. Berlin: Springer; 2021.
131. Nakagawa Y, Kobayashi K, Ishii H, et al. Preoperative application of limited cone beam computerized tomography as an assessment tool before minor oral surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31(3):322-6.
132. Kumar J, Vanagundi R, Manchanda A, Mohanty S, Meher R. Radiolucent Jaw Lesions: Imaging Approach. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2021;31(1):224-36.
133. Wang Z, Zhang S, Pu Y, Wang Y, Lin Z, Wang Z. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography for the evaluation of mandible invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):226.
134. Ivashchenko O, Pouw B, de Witt JK, et al. Intraoperative verification of resection margins of maxillary malignancies by cone-beam computed tomography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;57(2):174-81.
135. Closmann JJ, Schmidt BL. The use of cone beam computed tomography as an aid in evaluating and treatment planning for mandibular cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(4):766-71.
136. Momin MA, Okochi K, Watanabe H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam CT in the assessment of mandibular invasion of lower gingival carcinoma: comparison with conventional panoramic radiography. Eur J Radiol. 2009;72(1):75-81.
137. Bornstein MM, Andreoni C, Meier T, Leung YY. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Gingiva Mimicking Periodontal Disease: A Diagnostic Challenge and Therapeutic Dilemma. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2018;38(2):253-9.
138. Rocha TG, Feitosa EF, Maiolino A, et al. Imaginological characterization of multiple myeloma lesions of the jaws through cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Radiol. 2020;36(2):168-76.
139. Ziegler CM, Woertche R, Brief J, Hassfeld S. Clinical indications for digital volume tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31(2):126-30.
140. Osman SO, de Boer HC, Astreinidou E, Gangsaas A, Heijmen BJ, Levendag PC. On-line cone beam CT image guidance for vocal cord tumor targeting. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93(1):8-13.
141. Xu F, Wang J, Bai S, et al. Detection of intrafractional tumour position error in radiotherapy utilizing cone beam computed tomography. Radiother Oncol. 2008;89(3):311-9.
142. Bratel J, Kennergren C, Dernevik L, Hakeberg M. Treatment of oral infections prior to heart valve surgery does not improve long-term survival. Swed Dent J. 2011;35(2):49-55.
143. Guzzi G. Medicine forgets dentistry. Lancet. 2005;366(9489):894; author reply
144. Keulers BJ, Roumen RH, Keulers MJ, Vandermeeren L, Bekke JP. Bilateral groin pain from a rotten molar. Lancet. 2005;366(9479):94.
145. Gander T, Dagassan-Berndt D, Mascolo L, Kruse AL, Gratz KW, Lubbers HT. [Facial pain- a rare cause. Impacted lower third molars causing primarily "unclear" facial pain: a case report]. Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie = Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia / SSO. 2013;123(9):767-77.
146. Dief S, Veitz-Keenan A, Amintavakoli N, McGowan R. A systematic review on incidental findings in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;48(7):20180396.
147. Togan B, Gander T, Lanzer M, Martin R, Lubbers HT. Incidence and frequency of nondental incidental findings on cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2016;44(9):1373-80.
148. Waring E, Mawardi H, Woo SB, et al. Evaluation of a community-based dental screening program prior to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a single-center experience. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27(9):3331-6.
149. Margalit DN, Losi SM, Tishler RB, et al. Ensuring head and neck oncology patients receive recommended pretreatment dental evaluations. J Oncol Pract. 2015;11(2):151-4.
150. Low KM, Dula K, Burgin W, von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam tomography in posterior maxillary teeth referred for apical surgery. J Endod. 2008;34(5):557-62.
151. Estrela C, Bueno MR, Leles CR, Azevedo B, Azevedo JR. Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and panoramic and periapical radiography for detection of apical periodontitis. J Endod. 2008;34(3):273-9.
152. de Paula-Silva FW, Wu MK, Leonardo MR, da Silva LA, Wesselink PR. Accuracy of periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography scans in diagnosing apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a gold standard. J Endod. 2009;35(7):1009-12.
153. Maddalone M, Bonfanti E, Pellegatta A, Citterio CL, Baldoni M. Digital Orthopantomography vs Cone Beam Computed Tomography-Part 1: Detection of Periapical Lesions. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(5):593-7.
154. Bonfanti E, Maddalone M, Pellegatta A, Citterio CL, Baldoni M. Digital Orthopantomography vs Cone Beam Computed Tomography-Part 2: A CBCT Analysis of Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Periapical Lesions. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(6):664-9.
155. Lo Giudice R, Nicita F, Puleio F, et al. Accuracy of Periapical Radiography and CBCT in Endodontic Evaluation. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:2514243.
156. Koc C, Sonmez G, Yilmaz F, Karahan S, Kamburoglu K. Comparison of the accuracy of periapical radiography with CBCT taken at 3 different voxel sizes in detecting simulated endodontic complications: an ex vivo study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47(4):20170399.
157. Sakhdari S, Talaeipour AR, Talaeipour M, Pazhutan M, Tehrani SH, Kharazifard MJ. Diagnostic Accuracy of CBCT with Different Voxel Sizes and Intraoral Digital Radiography for Detection of Periapical Bone Lesions: An Ex-Vivo Study. J Dent (Tehran). 2016;13(2):77-84.
158. Shahbazian M, Vandewoude C, Wyatt J, Jacobs R. Comparative assessment of periapical radiography and CBCT imaging for radiodiagnostics in the posterior maxilla. Odontology. 2015;103(1):97-104.
159. Wang S, Xu Y, Shen Z, et al. The Extent of the Crack on Artificial Simulation Models with CBCT and Periapical Radiography. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169150.
160. Patel S, Brady E, Wilson R, Brown J, Mannocci F. The detection of vertical root fractures in root filled teeth with periapical radiographs and CBCT scans. Int Endod J. 2013;46(12):1140-52.
161. Kobayashi-Velasco S, Salineiro FC, Gialain IO, Cavalcanti MG. Diagnosis of alveolar and root fractures: an in vitro study comparing CBCT imaging with periapical radiographs. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017;25(2):227-33.
162. Rechenberg DK, Kruse A, Gratz KW, Attin T, Lubbers HT. [Chronic orofacial pain (OFP) of different origin. A case report]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2011;121(9):839-48.
163. Schenkel JS, Muller N, Rostetter C, Gander T, Lubbers HT. [The organ transplanted patient in the dental clinic]. Swiss Dent J. 2017;127(10):884-6.
164. Horner K. Radiation Protection: Cone Beam CT for Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology. Evidence based guidelines 2011 [v2.0 Final:[Available from: www.sedentexct.eu.
165. Lübbers HT. Bisphosphonate und andere antiresorptive Medikamente. Relevante Aspekte für den zahnärztlichen Praxisalltag. Dental Tribune. 2017(1):10-1.
166. Eguia A, Bagan-Debon L, Cardona F. Review and update on drugs related to the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;25(1):e71-e83.
167. von Arx T, Penarrocha M, Jensen S. Prognostic factors in apical surgery with root-end filling: a meta-analysis. J Endod. 2010;36(6):957-73.
168. Ioannidis K, Lambrianidis T, Beltes P, Besi E, Malliari M. Endodontic management and cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of seven maxillary and mandibular molars with single roots and single canals in a patient. J Endod. 2011;37(1):103-9.
169. Kfir A, Telishevsky-Strauss Y, Leitner A, Metzger Z. The diagnosis and conservative treatment of a complex type 3 dens invaginatus using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D plastic models. Int Endod J. 2013;46(3):275-88.
170. Uraba S, Ebihara A, Komatsu K, Ohbayashi N, Okiji T. Ability of Cone-beam Computed Tomography to Detect Periapical Lesions That Were Not Detected by Periapical Radiography: A Retrospective Assessment According to Tooth Group. J Endod. 2016;42(8):1186-90.
171. Bornstein MM, Lauber R, Sendi P, von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam computed tomography in mandibular molars for analysis of anatomical landmarks before apical surgery. J Endod. 2011;37(2):151-7.
172. Bornstein MM, Wasmer J, Sendi P, Janner SF, Buser D, von Arx T. Characteristics and dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane and apical bone in maxillary molars referred for apical surgery: a comparative radiographic analysis using limited cone beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2012;38(1):51-7.
173. von Arx T, Kach S, Suter VGA, Bornstein MM. Perforation of the maxillary sinus floor during apical surgery of maxillary molars: A retrospective analysis using cone beam computed tomography. Aust Endod J. 2020;46(2):176-83.
174. Walter C, Weiger R, Dietrich T, Lang NP, Zitzmann NU. Does three-dimensional imaging offer a financial benefit for treating maxillary molars with furcation involvement? A pilot clinical case series. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(3):351-8.
175. Walter C, Weiger R, Zitzmann NU. Accuracy of three-dimensional imaging in assessing maxillary molar furcation involvement. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(5):436-41.
176. Ramis-Alario A, Soto-Penaloza D, Tarazona-Alvarez B, Penarrocha-Diago M, Penarrocha-Oltra D. Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of 2D radiography and cone beam computed tomography in persistent apical periodontal disease: A PRISMA-DTA systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021;132(4):e153-e68.
177. von Arx T, Janner SF, Hanni S, Bornstein MM. Evaluation of New Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Criteria for Radiographic Healing Evaluation after Apical Surgery: Assessment of Repeatability and Reproducibility. J Endod. 2016;42(2):236-42.